My Malice and Bias

Alexander on Death Bed The story of Alexander the Great ’s triumphant march into India, suddenly giving up at the urging of his soldiers who were tired after years of fighting and who wanted to return to their loved ones in Persia. The Greek odyssey down the Indus, ended with Alexander sustaining a deadly wound; and, finally splitting his army in two so that they would have a better chance of escaping Pentopotamia (Punjab); returning with a fraction of his army to the seat of his empire in Persepolis and his death from his wounds; all based on Greek legends, with no documentation, just a myth. So did Alexander really venture successfully into India and turn back at the urging of his men? Or was it all a spin? So what exactly happened to Alexander in India? The Greek Version Alexander crosses the Indus into the Punjab and somewhere near modern-day Bhera town in Sargodha district of Punjab, now in Pakistan, he faced the army of Porus , the Kshatriya king of West Punjab. The Gre

Abu'l Muzaffar Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad commonly known as Aurangzeb or by his regent title Alamgir (Ruler of the universe), was the sixth Mughal Emperor of India. His reign lasted for 49 years from 1658 until his death in 1707. Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb The Emperor’s Lament … in his last hours During his last days Aurangzeb came to realize that the days of the Mughal dynasty were numbered and that he himself was responsible for sowing the seeds of destruction. “ Azma fasad baq! ” were his words, which means, “ After me, the chaos ! ” The last words of Aurangzeb, addressed to his sons from death-bed, echo mournfully… “I came a stranger to this world and a stranger I depart. I know nothing of myself – what I am and what I was destined for ... My back is bent with weakness and my feet have lost the power of motion.  The fever is gone, but only the skin is left.  The breath which rose is gone and has not left behind even a ray of hope. The agonies of death come upon me fast. My ve

Alexander III of Macedon (20 July 356 BC – 10 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας, Aléxandros ho Mégas Koine Greek , was a king (basileus) of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. He launched unprecedented military campaign through Asia and northeast Africa, and created one of the largest empires of the ancient world by the age of thirty, stretching from Greece to Northwestern India. It is claimed that he was undefeated in battles and is widely considered one of history's most successful military commanders. I intend to challenge that notion with this blog and make a case that Alexander was defeated in Punjab in 326 BC and escaped India badly bruised and in disarray. Alexander the Macedonian Conquest of Persia Persia was a powerful empire that had attacked Greece multiple times. Alexander broke the power of Persia in the decisive battles of Issus and Gaugamela. He subsequently overthrew Persian King Darius III and conquered the A