My Malice and Bias

Abu'l Muzaffar Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad commonly known as Aurangzeb or by his regent title Alamgir (Ruler of the universe), was the sixth Mughal Emperor of India. His reign lasted for 49 years from 1658 until his death in 1707. Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb The Emperor’s Lament … in his last hours During his last days Aurangzeb came to realize that the days of the Mughal dynasty were numbered and that he himself was responsible for sowing the seeds of destruction. “ Azma fasad baq! ” were his words, which means, “ After me, the chaos ! ” The last words of Aurangzeb, addressed to his sons from death-bed, echo mournfully… “I came a stranger to this world and a stranger I depart. I know nothing of myself – what I am and what I was destined for ... My back is bent with weakness and my feet have lost the power of motion.  The fever is gone, but only the skin is left.  The breath which rose is gone and has not left behind even a ray of hope. The agonies of death come upon me fast. My ve

Alexander III of Macedon (20 July 356 BC – 10 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας, Aléxandros ho Mégas Koine Greek , was a king (basileus) of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. He launched unprecedented military campaign through Asia and northeast Africa, and created one of the largest empires of the ancient world by the age of thirty, stretching from Greece to Northwestern India. It is claimed that he was undefeated in battles and is widely considered one of history's most successful military commanders. I intend to challenge that notion with this blog and make a case that Alexander was defeated in Punjab in 326 BC and escaped India badly bruised and in disarray. Alexander the Macedonian Conquest of Persia Persia was a powerful empire that had attacked Greece multiple times. Alexander broke the power of Persia in the decisive battles of Issus and Gaugamela. He subsequently overthrew Persian King Darius III and conquered the A

Lahore has been the Capital city of Punjab for centuries. As one of the ancient cities of the Punjab region, it has since its creation changed hands from Hindu, Buddhist, Greek, Muslim, Sikh and British rule to becoming the cultural capital and the heart of modern-day Pakistan. Origin of Lahore Name Ptolemy, the 2nd-century Greek astronomer from Egypt mentions in his Geographia, a city called Labokla being somewhere between the Indus River and Palibothra, (Patna). It was described as extending along the rivers Bidastes or Vitasta (Jhelum), Sandabal or Chandra Bhaga (Chenab), and Adris or Iravati (Ravi). Greek Map - Pentopotamia The oldest authentic mention of Lahore appears in Hudud-i-Alam (The Regions of the World) written in 982. In this document, Lahore is mentioned as a city inhabited by infidels having "impressive temples, large markets and huge orchards." It refers to "two major markets around which dwellings exist," and it also mentions "the